Judy Garland (born Frances Ethel Gumm; June 10, 1922 – June 22, 1969) was an American actress and singer. Possessing a strong contralto voice, Garland was celebrated for her emotional depth and versatility across film, stage, and concert performance. She achieved international recognition for her portrayal of Dorothy Gale in the musical film The Wizard of Oz (1939). Her rendition of "Over the Rainbow" won the Academy Award for Best Original Song, and became Garland's signature song. Garland's resilience, artistic range and enduring recordings have ensured her lasting impact on popular culture and her reputation as a cultural icon. She is often credited by other singers, including Barbra Streisand, as possessing the greatest voice in music history.

Garland began her career at the age of two: performing with her two older sisters as a vaudeville act called the Gumm Sisters. In 1935, aged 13, she signed a contract with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM) and was initially cast in supporting roles in ensemble musicals such as Broadway Melody of 1938 (1937) and Thoroughbreds Don't Cry (1937). The success of The Wizard of Oz propelled her into leading roles in MGM musicals, including Meet Me in St. Louis (1944), Easter Parade (1948), and Summer Stock (1950). In the 1950s and early 1960s, she expanded her range with dramatic performances in A Star Is Born (1954) and Judgment at Nuremberg (1961), both of which earned Academy Award nominations and demonstrated her capacity to convey vulnerability and resilience on screen.

Beyond her film work, Garland had a distinguished singing career in recordings and live performance. Between 1939 and 1962, she recorded 11 studio albums. Several of her recordings were later inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame. Her 1961 live album Judy at Carnegie Hall won the Grammy Award for Album of the Year. In the same year she became the first woman to receive the Cecil B. DeMille Award for lifetime achievement in motion pictures (aged 39 at the time, she remains the youngest recipient of that award). Her honors also include a Golden Globe Award, an Academy Juvenile Award for her early contributions, and a Special Tony Award for her role in reviving vaudeville. In 1997 she was posthumously awarded a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award, and in 1999 the American Film Institute ranked her eighth among the greatest female screen legends of classic Hollywood cinema.

Garland's personal life was marked by both public fascination and private struggle. She married five times and had three children, including actresses and singers Liza Minnelli and Lorna Luft. From her teenage years onward, she faced health challenges exacerbated by studio pressures on her appearance and performance. She developed dependencies on prescription medications that affected her physical and mental well-being. Financial difficulties, including substantial tax debts, added to her burdens. She died from an accidental barbiturate overdose at age 47 in 1969.